I found the coloring at this website so distracting I thought I’d just bring the text over here so I myself could read it better and the message could be shared. I am a huge fan of John Ray, the more I read. He is an excellent teacher!
The Nazi Master Plan: Persecution of the Christian Churches
Description:
This Study describes, with illustrative factual evidence, Nazi purposes, policies and methods of persecuting the Christian Churches in Germany and occupied Europe.
Draft for the War Crimes Staff
6 July 1945
I. The Nature of the Persecution
Throughout the period of National Socialist rule, religious liberties in Germany and in the occupied areas were seriously impaired. The various Christian Churches were systematically cut off from effective communications with people. They were confined as far as possible to the performance of anrrowly religious functions, and even within this narrow sphere were subjected to as many hinderances as the Nazis dared to impose. Those results were accompanies partly by legal and partly by illegal and terrorist means.
II. The Problem of Establishing Criminal Responsibility
To establish criminal responsibility in connection with this persecution it is sufficient to show that measures taken against the Christian Churches were an integral part of the National Socialist scheme of world conquest. In many cases, it is also possible to show that the measures in question were criminal from the standpoint of German or of international law, depending on the region in which any given act was committed.
A. Acts Committed in Germany proper
By articles 136 (freedom of faith and conscience), 136 (right to the enjoyment of civil and political rights independent of religious creedt), 139 (freedom of religious association and incorporation), 138 (computation of state conrtibutions to religious bodies), 139 (legal recognition of Sundays and public holidays), 140 (right to carry out religious work in the Army and public institutions) and 149 (maintenance of religious instruction in the German educational system) of the Weimar Constitution, which were never formally abrogated by the National Socialist regime, many basic rights were granted to religious organization. Although Article 114 (freedom of the person), 115 (freedom from searches and seizures), 117 (secrecy of communication), 118 (freedom of speech and of the press), 123 (freedom of assembly, 124 (freedom of association) and 163 (rights of property) were suspended on 28 February 1933, Articles 135-40 and 149 were left untouched, and still remain theoretically in force. Respect for the principle of religious freedom was reitereated in various official pronouncements by Nazi leaders. Specific religious liberties were also guaranteed in various enactments of the National Socialist state, particularly the Concordat of 20 July 1933.
To demonstrate the illegality of specific acts of persecution, it is sufficient to show that they were in violation of these legal provisions.
B. Acts Committed in Areas Incorporated into the Reich
The legal situation with regard to acts of persecution in these areas depends upon the attitude taken concerning the legal effect of incorporation. If it is assumed that incorporation actually took place, religious guarantees included in the Weimar Constitution, the Concordat and other German enactments would presumably apply to the incorporated territories. In that case, the problem of establishing the illegality of acts of persecution committed in these areas subsquent to incorporation would be the same as in the case of acts committed in Germany proper. If it is assumed that the act of incorporation, as an incident of aggressive warfare, was invalid and without legal effect, the problem of establishing the illegality of acts of persecution committed in these areas would be the same as in the case of acts committed in other occupied areas, considered below.
C. Acts Committed in Other Occupied Areas
The rights and duties of the Nazi authorities in these regions were governed by the provisions of international law, particularly Article 46 of the Hague Regluations (1907) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, which provides that “religious convictions and practice must be respected.” To demonstrate illegality of specific note in these areas, it is sufficient to show that they constituted a violation of these provisions.
III. The Basic National Socialist Attitude Toward Christian Churches
National Socialism, by its very nature, was hostile to Christianity and the Christian Churches. The purpose of the National Socialist movement was to convert the German people into a homogeneous racial group, united in all its energies for prosecution of aggressive warfare. Innumerable indications of this fact are to be found int he speeches and writing of Hitler and other responsible nazi leaders. The following statements made by Hitler may be taken as indicative:
“Every truly national idea is in the last resort social, i.e., who is prepared so completely to adopt the cause of his people that he really knows no higher ideal than the prosperity of this-his own people, he who has so taken to heart the meaning of our grat song “Deutschland, Deutschland uber alles” that nothing in this world stands for him higher than this Germany, people and land, land and people, he is a Socialist!” (Speech given in Munich, July 28, 1922, translation from Adolph Hitler, by New Order, edited by Raoul de Roussy de Sales, Reynal and Hitchcock, New York, 1941, p. 39)
“Even today, we are the least loved people on earth. A world of foes is ranged against us and the German must still today make up his mind whether he intends to be a free soldier or a white slave. The only possible condition under which a German State can develop at all must therefore be: the unification of all Germans in Europe, education towards a national conscience, and readiness to place thw whole national strength without exception in the service of the nation.” (Speech given in Munich, April 10, 1923, translation from Hitler, ibid, p. 28)
“If cowards cry out: “But we have no arms!” that is neither here nor there! Then the whole German people knows one will and one will only–to be free–in that hour we shall have the instrument with which to win our freedom. It matters not whether these weapons of ours are humane; if they gain us our freedom, they are justified before our conscience and before our God.” (Speech given in Munich August 1, 1923, translation from Hitler, ibid, p. 65)
“The conception of pacifism translated into practice and applied to all spheres must gradually lead to destruction of the competititve instinct, to the dstruction of the ambition for outstanding achievement. I cannot deny; in politics we will be pacifists, we reject the idea of the necessity for life to safeguard itself through conflict–but in economics we want to remain keenly competitive. If I reject the idea of conflict as such, it is of no importance that for the time being that idea is still applied to some single spheres. In the last resort political decisions are decisive and determine achievement in the single sphere.” (Speech given before the Industry Club at Dusseldorf, January 27, 1932, translation from Hitler, ibid, p. 101.)
“There can be no economic life unless behind this economic life there stands the determined political will of the nation ready to strike–and strike hard.” (Same speech, p. 111)
“We National Socailists once came from war, fromthe experience of war. Our world ideal developed in war, now, if ncessary, it will prove itself.” (Speech given at the Sportpalast, Berlin, on October 10, 1939, translation from Hitler, ibid, p. 759)
Although the principal Christian Churches of Germany had long been associated with conservative wasys of thought, which meant that they tended to agree with the National Socailists in their authoritarianism, in their attacks on Socialism and Communism, and in their campaign against the Versailles treaty, their doctrinal commitments could not be reconciled with the principles of racism, with a foreign policy of unlimited aggressive warfare, or with a domestic policy involving the complete subservience of Church to state. Since these were the fundamental elements of the national Socialist platform, conflict was inevitable.
Important leaders of the National Socialist party would have liked to meet this situation by a complete extirpation of Christianity and the substitution of a purely racial religion tailored to fit the needs of National Socialist policy. This radically anti-Christian position is most significantly presented in Alfred Rosenberg’s Myth of the Twentieth Century (one of the great best-sellers of National Socialist Germany and generally regarded, after Hitler’s Mein Kampf, as the most authoritative statement of national Socialist ideology), and in his To the Obscurantiasts of Our Time (An die Dunkelmaenner unserer Zeit). Since Rosenberg was editor in chief of the chief party newspaper, the Voelkischar Beobachter, the Reich Leader of Ideological Training and the posessor of other prominant positions under the National Socialist regime, his ideas were not without official significance. Thus is a declaration of 5 November 1934, Baldur von Schirach, German Youth Leader declared in Berlin, “Rosenberg’s way is the way of German youth.” So fas as this sector of the National Socialist party is concerned, the destruction of Christianity was explicitly recognized as a purpose of the National Socialist movement.
Considerations of expediency made it impossible, however, for the National Socialist government to adopt this radical Anti-Christian policy officially. Thus, the policy actually adopted was to reduce the influence of the Christian churches as far as possible through the use of every available means, without provoking the difficulties of an open war of extermination. That this was an official policy can be deduced from the following record of measures actually taken for the systematic persecution of Christian churches in Germany in German occupied areas.
IV. Policies Adopted In the Persecution of the Christian Churches
The nature of the influence exercised by the Christian Churches varied considerably in the various regions under National Socialist control. Policies adopted in an attempt to counteract that influence were correspondingly varied.
A. Policies Adopted in Germany proper
Persecution of the Christian churches in Germany proper gave rise to ver special problems. Since Germany was destined to provide the central force for the coming wars of aggression, it was particularly necessary that the German people be withdrawn from all influences hostile to the National Socialist philosophy of aggression. This meant that the influence of the Christian churches would have to be minimized as thoroughly as possible. On the other hand, the predominantly conservative and patriotic influence exerted by the larger Christian churches was a factor of some positive value from the National Socialist standpoint, and insured those churches as a substantial measure of support from conservative groups destined to play an important part in the National Socialist plan for aggression. Persecution of the Churches in this region had therefore to be effected in such a way s to minimize their efefctive influence without breaking the unity of the German people, and without destroying the capacity of the churches to fulfill their historic mission of conservative social discipline. This could only be accomplished, at least the case of the major Christian churches, by a slow and cautious policy of gradual encroachment.
In accordance with this necessity, the Nazi plan was to show first that they were no foes of the Church, that they were indeed interested in “Positive Christianity,” were very good friends of the churches, and did not a tall want to interfere in religious matters or with the internal affairs of the different denominations. Then, under the pretext that the Churches themselves were interfering in policial and state matters, they would deprive the Churhces, step by step, of all opportunity to effect German public life. The Nazis believe that the Churches could be starved and strangled spiritually in a relatively short time when they were deprive of all means of communication with the faithful beyond the Church building themselves, and terrorized in such a manner that no Churchman would dare to speak out openly against Nazi policies. This general pln had been established even before the rise of the Nazis to power. It apparently came out of discussions among the inner circle comprising Hitler himself, Rosenberg, Gering, Goebbels, Hess, Baldur von Schirach, Prink, Rust, Kerrl and Schemm. Some Nazi leaders or sympathizers, and some later collaborationists who were faithful Catholics or Protestants, such as von Epp, Buttmann and von Papen, may have been left in ignorance of the real aim of Nazi church policy.
The problem of proof. The best evidence now available as to the exitence of an Anti-Church plan is to be found in the systematic nature of the persecution itself. Different steps in that persecution, such as tht ecmapaign for the suppression of denominational and youth organizations, the campaign against the denominational schools, the defemation campaign against the clergy, started on the same day inthe whole area of the Reich or in large districts, and were supported by the entire regimented press, by Nazi Party meetings, by traveling Party speakers. As to direct evidence, the directives of the Reich propaganda Ministry, if they have not been destroyed, would be most authoritative. If they have been destroyed, questioning of Nazi newspapermen and local and regional propagandists might elicit the desired evidence. It is known that Hitler used to discuss the plans of his political action with those members of his inner circle who were especially concerned with the respective problems. Rosenberg, Gering, Goebbels, Frick, Rust, Baldur von Schirash, Karl and Schemm are the leading Nazis who took a special interest in the relations of State and Church. (See Hermann Resuchning, in his chapter on Hitler’s religious attitudes in The Voice of Destruction and Kurt Ludske, I Knew Hitler. Both witnesses, however, are to be used with caution.)
But even though the basic plan was uniform, the opportunities for carrying it into effect, and hence the specific policies actually adopted, differed substantially from church to church. The principal churches to be considered in this connection are the following:
1. The Catholic Church. National Socailist relations with the Catholic Church fell into three clearly marked periods.
a. The period prior to the Seizure of power. During this period the relations between the Nazi party and the Catholic Church were extremely bitter. As an opposition Party, the National Socialists had always violently attacked “Political Catholicism” and the collaboration of the Center Party with the Social Democrats in the Reich and the Prussian Governments, declaring that they could find no difference among the so-called System-Parteien (parties whic collaborated in the system of constitutional government). On 8 March 1933, Gering in a speech at Eesen summed up the nazi attitude toward the Center as follows:
“Each time the red robber was about to steal some of the German people’s properties, his black accomplices stood thieves’ watch.”
On their part, the German bishops, stigmatizing the Nazi movement as anti-Christian, forbate the clergy to participate in any ceremonies, such as funerals, in which the Nazi Party was officially represented, and refused the sacraments to party officials. In several pastorals they expressly warned the faithful against the danger created to Germany Caholicism by the Party.
b. The period from Seizure of power to the Signing of the Condordat. During this period, the main concern of the new regime was to liquidate political opposition. Their strategy was to convince conservatives that the efforts of the government were being directed primarily against the Communists and other forces of the extreme left, and that their own interests would remain safe in Nazi hands as long as they would consent to refrain from political activity. Immediately after their rise to power, therefore, the Nazis made unmistakable overtures to the Churches, and tried to convince the Catholic hierarchy in particular that after the dissolution of the Center Party and some Catholic organizations of more or less political character, such as the Friedensbund deutscher Katholiken, no obstacle could remain in the way of complete reconciliation between the Catholic church and the Nazi state. The German Catholic bishops, influenced by the experiences of their Italian colleagues, whose relations with the Fascists under the Lateran Treaty of 1929 had been fairly smooth, accepted the Nazi proposition. Four parlers for a Reich Concordat started immediately.
Meantime the Nazi movement abrogated all laws and regulations of the Republic protecting non-denominational groups of the population and abolished the right to pursue anti-religious and anti-Church propaganda. The Prussian government closed the so-called secular “weltliche) schools in which no religious instruction was given and re-established religious instruction in professional vocational schools. All organizations of free-thinkers were forbidden. When the Reichstag elected on 5 March 1933 convened, the government organized religious ceremonies for the Protestant and the Catholic members of Parliament.
And in his speech before the Recihstag, to which he preserted his government, Hitler declared:
“While the regime is determined to carry through the political and moral purging of our public life, it is creating an ensuring the prerequisites for a really deep inner religiosity. Benefits of a personal nature, which might arise from compromises with aethetistic organizations, could outweigh the results which become apparent through the destruction of general basic religious-ethical values. The national regime seeks in both Christian confessions the factors most important the mainteance of our folkdom. It will respect agreements concluded between them and the states. Their rights will not be infringed upon. Conversely, however, it expects and hopes that the national and ethical uplifting of our people, which the regime has taken for its task, will enjoy a similar appreciation. The national regime will concede and safeguard to the Christian confessions the influence due them, in school and education. It is concerned with the sincere cooperation of church and state. The struggle against a materialistic philosophy and for the creation of a true folk community serves the interests of the German nation as well as our Christian belief.”
Under such circumstances, the conference of German bishops, meeting as usual in Fulda, decided on 28 March 1933 to lift all restrictions imposed on members of the Church adhering to the Nazi movement. This opened the door to mass adherence to the Party of practicing Catholics. The rush started immediately. All those German Catholics who were inclined to adopt Nazi political views and had hesitated only because of the anti-Nazi attitude of the hierarchy hastened now to join the victorious party of the “national revolution”. Former members of the Center Party’s right wing, who had always advocated collaboration with the parties to the right of the Center and with the German nationalist movements established themselves now as so-called “bridge-builders” trying to explain ideological affinities between the anti-liberal character of Catholic politics and the Nazi system. They insisted especially on the fact that the Church was guided like the Nazi movement by the leadership principle. They were soon joined by turncoats from the left wing of the Center and the Catholic youth movement, persons who insisted that the “socialist” and anti-capitalist character of the Nazi doctrine coincided marvellously with their own vision on the necessity of social reform.
In order to remind the Catholics of the danger of not coming to an agreement with the Nazi state, a certain amount of pressure was at the same time maintained against them. A thorough job was done in purging Reich, state and municipal administrations of officials appointed for their adhereance ot the Center or Baravarian People’s parties. Former leaders of those parties, including priests, joined Communist and Social Democrat leaders in the concentration camps, and this campaign of hatred against the “black” was resumed. By April 1933, the bishops were making appeals for clemency towared former civil servants who, they pointed out, were not able to join the celebration of national awakening because they had been dismissed from position s inw hich they had given their best to the community of the German people. And on 31 May 1933, a meeting of the Bavarian bishops adopted a solemn statement directed against the tendency of attributing to the state alone the right of educating, organizing, and leading ideologically the German youth. A few weeks later, on 18 June, 1933, the breaking up in Munich by Nazi hordes of a manifestation of the Catholic Journeymen Associations (Gesellenvereine) became the startling point of a Nazi propaganda campaign against alleged efforts to keep “Political Catholicism” alive.
Tension was mounting again when news that a Concordat had been signed on 8 July 1933 in Rome between the Holy See and the German Reich seemed to alter the situation completely. For the first time since the Middle Ages the Reich itself had entered into an agreement with the Roman Catholic Church. Moreover, the new treaty was apparently entirely to the advantage of the Church. In return for the retreat of German Catholicism from the political scene, demonstrated by the self-dissolution of the Center Party and the synchronization (Gleichschltung) of the Catholic press, an official guarantee was given the Church in the form of an international treaty, of all the church rights that “Political Catholicism” had fought for: freedom for Catholic organizations, maintenance of denominational schools, and preservation of the general influence of the Church on the education of German youth.
Among the 33 articles of the Concordat, 21 treated exclusively rights and prerogatives accorded to the Church; reciprocation consisted only in a pledge of loyalty by the clergy to the Reich government and in a promise that Catholic religious instruction would emphasize the patriotic duties of the Christian citizen and insist on a loyal attitude toward the Fatherland. Since it had always been the practice of the Catholic church to abide by established governments and to promote patriotic convictions among the faithful, these stipulations of the Concordat were not more than legalizations of an existing custom.
The Concordat was hailed by the Church and State authorities as marking the end of a period of distrust and suspicion and the beginning of a clsoe and fruitful collaboration. Hitler hismelf advised the State and Party offocials to adopt a friendly attitude toward the Catholic Church and its institutions on German soil. He expressed the wish that Catholic organizations, now under the protection of a treaty of friendship between Nazi Germany and the Holy See, should no longer be regarded by his followers as symbols of an effort to remain outside the national community and to form a way of life apart from the official line of the totalitarian Third Reich.
c. The Period Following the Signature of the Concordat. During this period, relations between the Nazi state and the Catholic church became progressively worse. Having gained the support of the Catholic hierarchy in the crucial early days of the regime by signing the Concordat, they took advantage of their subsequently increasing strength to violate every one of the Concordat’s provisions; gradually stripping the Church of all its more important rights. Specific instances of the various phases of this persecution are presented in Section V Below.
By 1937 it had become clear that the Nazi state was not to be appeased by Catholic efforts to accommodate the Church and the State in the form of a Concordat, and that Hitler’s government had no intention to adhere to its part of the document. Convinced, therefore, that the Church had been in error, in the face of the irreconcilability of its teachings with those of National Socialism, in abandoning its earlier opposition to the movement, the Church resumed its controversy with Nazi doctrine, while continuing to suffer from Nazi practice.
The new campaign may be considered to have been inaugurated by Pope Pius XI in his Eneyelical of 14 March 1937, entitled “Mit brennunder Morre”, which by underground means was spread by Catholic youth throughout Germany and was first published in the world in the original German text by a reading (21 March 1937) from all Roman Catholic pulpits in Germany. Pope Pius XI denounced the violation of the Conrdat by the Nazi state. He described the actions of the Nazi government against the church as “Intrigues which from the beginning had no other aim than a war of extermination…In the follow of peace in which we had labored to sow the seeds of true peace, others…sowed the tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, a secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and his Church, fed from a thousand differnt sources and making use of every available means.”
The support of the Holy See encouraged some of the German bishops, either in courageous sermons, diocesan pastorals, or in their collective pastroals issued usually from Fulda, the seat of their annual conferences, to protest vigorously against both Nazi ideology and practice. Especially notable in this work were Cardinal Faulbaber of Munich, Bishop Von Praysing of Berlin, and Bishop Von Galen of Munster. Among the more notable protests were the Pastoral issued from Fulda on 19 August 1930, the Fulda Pastoral of 1941, 2hich was read from all pulpits on 6 July 1941, the Fulda Pastoral of 22 March 1942 and the Fulda Pastoral of 19 August 1943. In spite of these protests, there is no evidence that the Nazis were in any way deterred from their campaign, in violation of the Concordat, to destroy the position and influence of the Catholic Church in Germany.
2. The Evangelical Church. Unlike the Catholic church, the Evangelical churches of Germany were organizations whose supreme administrative organs were located within the borders of Germany. Among the Evangelical clergy and laity there was also a substantial group, the more extreme members of which were known as the German Christians, who were entirely in accord with the purposes of the National Socialist government. With regard to the Evangelical churches, therefore, the policy of the National Socialists was not simply as in the case of the Catholic church, to limit the motivations and influence of the church organization, but to capture and use the church organization for their own purpose. The attempt to accomplish this purpose falls into two main periods.
a. The Period of German Christian Predominance. The essential strategy of the first period of the National Socialist government was to impose highly centralized organs of administration upon the German Evangelical Church, and to place the exercise of the powers that created in the reliable Nazi hands of German Christians. In this way it was hoped to secure the elimination of Christian influences in the Evangelical Church by legal or by quasi-legal means.
The campaign began with a congress of German Christians, held at Berlin on 3-4 April 1933 which declared itself in favor of a united evangelical Church organized according to the leadership principle and the tenets of the Party (including anti-Semitism). One of its leaders was the army chaplain, Ludwig Muller, a friend of Hitler, who on 25 April was appointed the Fuhrer’s representative “with full power to deal with the affair of the Evangelical Church” in its relations with the state. Yielding to the clamor for unification, the Committee of the Germany Church Confederation on 23 April 1933 authorized its president, Dr. Kapler, to carry through a reorganization of the constitution of the Church. After the constitution had been accepted by the Council of the Church Federation and representatives of the Landeskirchen it was published on 14 July 1933 by the Government of the Reich, together with a law recognizing the new German Evangelical Church as a corporation of public law. The essential purpose of this legislation, while ostensibly leaving the Landeskirchen indpenedent in matters of confession and worship, was to create a central administrative organ, headed according to the leadershi principle by a Reich Bishop, and vested with complete power to control administrative and legal activities of the Church.
To insure the use of this powerful new machinery for the accomplishment of Nazi purposes, it was necessary that it be placed in the hands of reliable German Christians. Typical Nazi pressures were therefore used to control the election of the first Reich Bishop. Before the election, German Christian control of the Evangelical Church in Prussia was insured by the apopintment by Dr. Rust, Prussian Kultusminister, of a State Commissioner for the Church Affairs in Prussia. This official, Dr. Jager, was a German Christian, and through his sub-commisioners for the church provinces of Prussia he took the administration of the church virtually out of its own hands. In preparing the elections for the national synod which was in turn to elect the Reich Bishop, it is said the the clergy were not allowed to exercise their traditional right to limit the voters to active church numbers.
The night before the election Hitler intervened with a radio address strongly supporting the German Christians. The result was a victory for the Germany Christians. On 5 September their candidate Kuller was elected to the entirely new office Bishop of Prussia by a General Synod of the Protestant church of Prussia in a session dominated by a German Christian majority, and in which 75 numbers of the opposition who desired to protest were not allowed the floor and withdrew from the synod. On 27 September Muller was elected Reich Bishop by the National Synod, and proceeded to fill the central administration ith other German Christians, such as Bishop Schoffel of Hamburg, and Pastor Hossenfelder of Elberfeld, leader of the German Christians and Vice President of the Prussian Supreme Church Council.
This was Part I. Part II will follow.